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| Juvenile life in Juvenile Jail |
DEFINITION
Juvenile
delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by Juveniles. Juvenile
delinquents are simply under-age criminals that are, non-adult criminals, or
juveniles who engage in offences that constitute crimes when committed by
adults, and are between the age of seven and 16 or 18 years, as prescribed by
the law of land. Especially, Juvenile is apply to the youths who are involved
in ‘status offences’ such as truancy, vagrancy, immorality and un-governability
also fall within the definition of juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquents
have been classified by different scholars on different basis.
Most
Legal systems prescribe specific procedure for dealing with Juveniles, such as
juvenile detention centers. There are a multitude of different theories on the
causes of crime, most if not all of which can be applied to the causes of youth
crime. Youth crime is an aspect of crime which receives great attention from
the news media and politicians. Crime committed by young people has risen since
the mid-twentieth century, as have most types of crime. The level and types of
youth crime can be used by commentators as an indicator of the general state of
morality and law and order in a country.
Some
scholars have been classified Juvenile delinquents as quite different
perceptive. Scholar Hrish has been classified them in six group on the basis of
the kinds of offences committed: (1) Incorrigibility (keeping late hours,
disobedience…), (2) truancy (staying away from school), (3), larceny (ranging
from petty theft to armed robbery), (4) destruction of property (including both
public and private property), (5) violence (against individual or community by
using weapons), and (6) sex offences ( ranging from homosexuality to rape).
In addition,
Scholars Eaton and Polk have classified delinquents into five groups according
to the type of offence. The offences are: (1) Minor violations (including
disorderly conduct and minor traffic violations), (2) Major (including
automobile thefts), (3) property violations, (4) addiction (including
alcoholism and drug addiction), and (5) bodily harm (including homicide and
rape). Further more, Scholar Trojanowicz
has classified them as accidental, un-socialized, aggressive, occasional, and
professional and gang organized.
Moreover,
in the psychology point of view some of psychologists have classified juvenile
delinquents on the basic of their individual traits or the psychological
dynamics of their personality into five groups: mentally defective, psychotic,
neurotic, situational and cultural.
CAUSES OF AND CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF DELINQUENT TRAJECTORIES
The
intensity and severity of juvenile offences are generally determined by the
social, economic and cultural conditions prevailing in a country. There is
evidence of a universal increase in juvenile crime taking place concurrently
with economic decline, especially in the poor districts of large cities. In
many cases street children later become young offenders, having already
encountered violence in their immediate social environment as either witnesses
or victims of violent acts. The educational attainments of this group are
rather low as a rule, basic social experience acquired in the family is too
often insufficient, and the socio-economic environment is determined by poverty
or unemployment. The causes of and conditions for juvenile crime are usually
found at each level of the social structure, including society as a whole,
social institutions, social groups and organizations, and interpersonal
relations. Juveniles’ choice of delinquent careers and the consequent
perpetuation of delinquency are fostered by a wide range of factors, the most
important of which are described below.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
Juvenile
delinquency is driven by the negative consequences of social and economic
development, in particular economic crises, political instability, and the
weakening of major institutions (including the State, systems of public
education and public assistance, and the family). Socio-economic instability is
often linked to persistent unemployment and low incomes among the young, which
can increase the likelihood of their involvement in criminal activity.
CULTURAL FACTORS
Delinquent
behaviour often occurs in social settings in which the norms for acceptable
behaviour have broken down. Under such circumstances many of the common rules
that deter people from committing socially unacceptable acts may lose their
relevance for some members of society. They respond to the traumatizing and
destructive changes in the social reality by engaging in rebellious, deviant or
even criminal activities. An example of such a setting would be the
modernization of traditional societies and the accompanying changes wrought by
the application of new technologies; shifts
of this magnitude affect the types and organization of labour activity, social
characteristics, lifestyles and living arrangements, and these changes, in
turn, affect authority structures, forms of obedience, and modes of political
participation— even going so far as to influence perceptions of reality.
In
both developed and developing countries, consumer standards created by the
media are considerably beyond the capacity of most families to achieve.
Nevertheless, these ideals become a virtual reality for many young people, some
of whom will go to great lengths to maintain a lifestyle they cannot afford.
Because not all population groups have access to the necessary resources,
including education, professional training, satisfactory employment and income,
health services, and adequate housing, there are those who are unable to
achieve their goals by legal means. The contradiction between idealized and
socially approved goals and the sometimes limited real-life opportunities to
achieve them legally creates a sense of frustration in many young people. A
criminal career becomes one form of addressing this contradiction. One of the
reasons for delinquent behaviour is therefore an excessive focus on proposed
goals (achieving success) coupled with insufficient means to achieve them.
The
likelihood of deviant acts occurring in this context depends in many respects
not only on the unavailability of legal opportunities but also on the level of
access to illegal opportunities. Some juveniles, cognizant of the limitations
imposed by legal behaviour, come under the influence of adult criminals. Many
young people retreat into the confines of their own groups and resort to drug
use for psychological or emotional escape. The use of alcohol and illegal drugs
by juveniles is one cause of delinquency, as they are often compelled to commit
crimes (usually theft) to obtain the cash needed to support their substance
use.
URBANIZATION
Geographical
analysis suggests that countries with more urbanized populations have higher registered
crime rates than do those with strong rural lifestyles and communities. This
may be attributable to the differences in social control and social cohesion.
Rural groupings rely mainly on family and community control as a means of
dealing with antisocial behaviour and exhibit markedly lower crime rates. Urban
industrialized societies tend to resort to formal legal and judicial measures,
an impersonal approach that appears to be linked to higher crime rates.
Cultural and institutional differences are such that responses to the same
offence may vary widely from one country to another.
The
ongoing process of urbanization in developing countries is contributing to
juvenile involvement in criminal behaviour. The basic features of the urban
environment foster the development of new forms of social behaviour deriving
mainly from the weakening of primary social relations and control, increasing
reliance on the media at the expense of informal communication, and the
tendency towards anonymity. These patterns are generated by the higher
population density, degree of heterogeneity, and numbers of people found in
urban contexts.
FAMILY
Studies
show that children who receive adequate parental supervision are less likely to
engage in criminal activities. Dysfunctional family settings characterized by
conflict, inadequate parental control, weak internal linkages and integration,
and premature autonomy are closely associated with juvenile delinquency.
Children in disadvantaged families that have few opportunities for legitimate
employment and face a higher risk of social exclusion are overrepresented among
offenders. The plight of ethnic minorities and migrants, including displaced
persons and refugees in certain parts of the world, is especially distressing.
The countries in transition are facing particular challenges in this respect,
with the associated insecurity and turmoil contributing to an increase in the
numbers of children and juveniles neglected by their parents and suffering
abuse and violence at home.
The
importance of family well-being is becoming increasingly recognized. Success in
school depends greatly on whether parents have the capacity to provide their
children with “starting” opportunities (including the resources to buy books
and manuals and pay for studies). Adolescents from low-income families often
feel excluded. To raise their self-esteem and improve their status they may
choose to join a juvenile delinquent group. These groups provide equal
opportunities to everyone, favourably distinguishing themselves from school and
family, where positions of authority are occupied by adults.
When
young people are exposed to the influence of adult offenders they have the
opportunity to study delinquent behaviour, and the possibility of their
engaging in adult crime becomes more real. The “criminalization” of the family
also has an impact on the choice of delinquent trajectories. A study carried
out in prisons reveals that families involved in criminal activities tend to
push their younger members towards violating the law. More than two-thirds of
those interviewed had relatives who were incarcerated; for 25 per cent it was a
father and for another 25 per cent a brother or sister.
MIGRATION
Because
immigrants often exist in the margins of society and the economy and have
little chance of success in the framework of the existing legal order, they
often seek comfort in their own environment and culture. Differences in norms
and values and the varying degrees of acceptability of some acts in different
ethnic subcultures result in cultural conflicts, which are one of the main
sources of criminal behaviour. Native urban populations tend to perceive
immigrants as obvious deviants.
THE MEDIA
Television
and movies have popularized the “cult of heroes”, which promotes justice
through the physical elimination of enemies. Many researchers have concluded
that young people who watch violence tend to behave more aggressively or
violently, particularly when provoked. This is mainly characteristic of 8- to
12-year-old boys, who are more vulnerable to such influences. Media bring an
individual to violence in three ways. First, movies that demonstrate violent
acts excite spectators, and the aggressive energy can then be transferred to
everyday life, pushing an individual to engage in physical activity on the
streets. This type of influence is temporary, lasting from several hours to
several days. Second, television can portray ordinary daily violence committed
by parents or peers (the imposition of penalties for failing to study or for
violations of certain rules or norms of conduct). It is impossible to find
television shows that do not portray such patterns of violence, because viewer
approval of this type of programming has ensured its perpetuation. As a result,
children are continually exposed to the use of violence in different
situations—and the number of violent acts on television appears to be
increasing. Third, violence depicted in the media is unreal and has a
surrealistic quality; wounds bleed less, and the real pain and agony resulting
from violent actions are very rarely shown, so the consequences of violent
behaviour often seem negligible. Over time, television causes a shift in the
system of human values and indirectly leads children to view violence as a
desirable and even courageous way of reestablishing justice. The American
Psychological Association has reviewed the evidence and has concluded that
television violence accounts for about 10 per cent of aggressive behaviour
among children.
EXCLUSION
The
growing gap between rich and poor has led to the emergence of “unwanted
others”. The exclusion of some people is gradually increasing with the
accumulation of obstacles, ruptured social ties, unemployment and identity
crises. Welfare systems that have provided relief but have not eliminated the humble
socio-economic position of certain groups, together with the increased
dependence of low-income families on social security services, have contributed
to the development of a “new poor” class in many places.
The
symbolic exclusion from society of juveniles who have committed even minor
offences has important implications for the development of delinquent careers.
Studies show that the act of labelling may lead to the self-adoption of a
delinquent image, which later results in delinquent activity.
PEER INFLUENCE
Youth
policies seldom reflect an understanding of the role of the peer group as an
institution of socialization. Membership in a delinquent gang, like membership
in any other natural grouping, can be part of the process of becoming an adult.
Through such primary associations, an individual acquires a sense of safety and
security, develops a knowledge of social interaction, and can demonstrate such
qualities as loyalty or leadership. In “adult” society, factors such as social
status, private welfare, race and ethnicity are of great value; however, all
members of adolescent groups are essentially in an equal position and have
similar opportunities for advancement in the hierarchical structure. In these
groups well-being depends wholly on personal qualities such as strength, will
and discipline. Quite often delinquent groups can counterbalance or compensate
for the imperfections of family and school. A number of studies have shown that
juvenile gang members consider their group a family. For adolescents constantly
facing violence, belonging to a gang can provide protection within the
neighbourhood. In some areas those who are not involved in gangs continually face
the threat of assault, oppression, harassment or extortion on the street or at
school. As one juvenile from the Russian Federation said, “I became involved in
a gang when I was in the eighth form [about 13 years old], but I joined it only
when I was in the tenth [at 15 years of age]. I had a girlfriend and I feared
for her, and the gang was able to provide for her safety.”
DELINQUENT IDENTITIES
In
identifying the causes of criminal behaviour, it is important to determine
which factors contribute to a delinquent identity and why some adolescents who
adopt a delinquent image do not discard that image in the process of becoming
an adult. Delinquent identity is quite complex and is, in fact, an overlay of
several identities linked to delinquency itself and to a person’s ethnicity,
race, class and gender. Delinquent identity is always constructed as an
alternative to the conventional identity of the larger society. Violence and
conflict are necessary elements in the construction of group and delinquent
identities. The foundations of group identity and activity are established and
strengthened through the maintenance of conflict relations with other juvenile
groups and society as a whole. Violence serves the function of integrating
members into a group, reinforcing their sense of identity, and thereby
hastening the process of group adaptation to the local environment.
Other
factors that may provide motivation for joining a gang are the possibilities of
economic and social advancement. In many sociocultural contexts the delinquent
way of life has been romanticized to a certain degree, and joining a gang is
one of the few channels of social mobility available for disadvantaged youth.
According to one opinion, urban youth gangs have a stabilizing effect on
communities characterized by a lack of economic and social opportunities.
OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS
Criminal
activity is strongly associated with a victim’s behaviour. A victim’s reaction
can sometimes provoke an offender; however, “appropriate” behaviour may prevent
a criminal act or at least minimize its impact. According to scientific
literature, the likelihood of becoming a victim is related to the
characteristics or qualities of a person, a social role or a social situation
that provoke or facilitate criminal behaviour; personal characteristics such as
individual or family status, financial prosperity, and safety, as well as logistical
characteristics such as the time and place in which a confrontation occurs, can
also determine the extent of victimization.
People
may become accidental victims, as assault is often preceded by heated discussion.
According to the classification of psychological types there are three typical
adolescent victims of violence: accidental victims; people disposed to become victims;
and “inborn” victims.12 Studies have shown that in the majority of cases that result
in bodily harm, the offender and his victim are acquainted with one another andnmay
be spouses, relatives or friends; this is true for 80 per cent of murders and
70 per cent of sexual crimes.
SOME REGIONAL ASPECTS OF DELINQUENCY
While
certain aspects of juvenile delinquency are universal, others vary from one region
to another. As a rule, cultural contexts are important in understanding the causes
of juvenile delinquency and developing culturally appropriate measures todeal
with it.
In
Asian countries, juvenile crime and delinquency are largely urban phenomena. Statistically,
as is true elsewhere, young people constitute the most criminally active
segment of the population. The most noticeable trends in the region are the
rise in the number of violent acts committed by young people, the increase in drug-related
offences, and the marked growth in female juvenile delinquency. The financial
crisis that hit some countries in East and South-East Asia in the late 1990s created
economic stagnation and contraction, leading to large-scale youth unemployment.
For millions of young people, this meant a loss of identity and the opportunity
for self-actualization. The principal offences committed by young people are
theft, robbery, smuggling, prostitution, the abuse of narcotic substances, and
drug trafficking.
Some
countries are facing great difficulty because they are located near or within
the “Golden Crescent” or the “Golden Triangle”, two major narcotics-producing areas
of Asia. Traffickers actively involve adolescents and youth in serving this
industry, and many of them become addicted to drugs because of their low prices
and easy availability. Another major problem is human trafficking.
In the
industrialized countries, increased prosperity and the availability of a growing
range of consumer goods have led to increased opportunities for juvenile crime,
including theft, vandalism and the destruction of property. With the social changes
that have occurred over the past few decades, the extended family has been replaced
by the nuclear family as the primary kinship group. The informal traditional control
exercised by adults (including parents, relatives and teachers) over young
people has gradually declined, and adequate substitutes have not been provided.
Lack or insufficiency of parental supervision is one of the strongest
predictors of delinquency. The contemporary Western family structure
constitutes one of the most important factors associated with the increase in
juvenile delinquency in the past 50 years.
Within
developed countries there are groups of impoverished and needy people suffering
from relative deprivation. In recent years some countries have reduced their
social services, placing the weakest strata of the population in an even more
vulnerable position. Poverty has increased, and the problems of homelessness
and unemployment have reached alarming dimensions. In most EU countries the
rise in juvenile crime has corresponded to observed increases in poverty and
unemployment rates among vulnerable groups.
CAUSE: RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
Criminologists are fairly divided when it
comes to determining the causes of juvenile crime. Those who espouse the
rational choice theory believe that the individual is responsible for himself,
and blame can't be put on other environmental factors. Backers of this theory
believe most juvenile delinquents and other criminals assess the possible
crime, weight the costs and benefits, and make the decision they feel provides
the best reward-to-risk ratio. Proponents of the theory believe that stealing
the opportunities as well as raising the price for criminal activity are the
best ways to stop juvenile crime.
CAUSE: SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY
Social structure theorists believe that the cause
of juvenile (and other) crime is not within the person themselves but is due to
external factors. These causes may be within an individual's social
circumstances (for instance, a child who grows up with parents who smoke pot
may be far more likely to view illegal drugs as a viable choice), or could be
related to overarching social policies. These people believe crime is created
by social structures such as poverty, a peer group who believes there is
nothing wrong with crime, and a racial imbalance in the justice system.
EFFECTS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Regardless
of the causes, juvenile delinquency carries a high cost to the Political,
Economic and social system. These costs
can be measured in terms of money spent and lost, as well as moral costs to a society. Government is forced to pay more for increased
policing, as well as the costs of the entire judicial system process (prisons,
juvenile halls, court trials). Medical costs skyrocket due to violent crimes
and drug abuse. Property theft and vandalism result in high costs in the public
and private sector. Also, there's a societal cost whenever a citizen is removed
from society and placed in a juvenile facility or jail, as this person is no
longer a functional, contributing person.
Juvenile Delinquency can be
checked at a very primary stage and measures can be taken both at home as well
as in school to help bring children out of this characterization. As it is
evident from the above discussion that it’s not just the will of an individual
which makes him get into the world of wrong deeds, all other factors like
schools, neighborhood, Family, Society, Situations are equally responsible for
the degradation or fall of a child.
Hence instead of labeling them
as one we must try and find ways, rectify the errors in their lives which led
them to behave in this manner. Children are soft clay, we can mould them, we
have the art, we have the knowledge, all that is needed is faith and patience
which if we fail to practice it results in complete reform of a child to anti
social elements and thereby criminals, which is wrong on our part. Criminals
are not born they are made, and if we as a society can make them then we as a
society also have the power to cure them.
Resource of References:
1.
Social Problem in India (By Ram Ahuja)
2.
World Youth Report, 2003
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